how did the punic wars affect carthage

She took the babies to her cave and fed them. Rome was able to gain its empire in large part by extending some form of citizenship to many of the people it conquered. [229][231] Even so, many of them later fought against the Romans. Recognizing that Hannibal's army would be recalled if Carthage were attacked, and with Spain now under Roman control, Scipio manned a fleet and sailed to North Africa where he took the Carthaginian city of Utica. Other cities have copied architecture to express a city in a lucrative and valued way. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. What were the main effects of the Punic Wars? Copy. After tightening the Roman positions around Carthage, Aemilianus launched a forceful attack on its harbor side in the spring of 146 B.C., pushing into the city and destroying house after house while pushing enemy troops towards their citadel. [73] They then pressed Syracuse, the only significant independent power on the island, into allying with them[74] and laid siege to Carthage's main base at Akragas on the south coast. Why did Rome declare war against Carthage in the Third Punic War? Several different "talents" are known from antiquity. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The Romans took the Punic Wars to be a purely military affair and used the military as the primary tool of warfare. [179][180] The prisoners were badly treated if they were Romans, but released if they were from one of Rome's Latin allies. Though Carthage had clashed violently with several other powers in the region, notably Greece, its relations with Rome were historically friendly, and the cities had signed several treaties defining trading rights over the years. [223], The Roman fleet continued on from Massala in the autumn of 218BC, landing the army it was transporting in north-east Iberia, where it won support among the local tribes. Neither Carthage nor Rome successfully won the battle over . Upon Hasdrubals death in 221 B.C., Hannibal took command of Carthaginian forces in Spain. Whenever Carthage petitioned Rome for redress, or permission to take military action, Rome backed its ally, Masinissa, and refused. If you were the subject of the flyer given, how would you feel? As the history of the conflict was written by Roman authors, they labeled them collectively as 'The Punic Wars' which refers to: Rome won all three of these wars, allowing the Romans to dominate the Mediterranean region which had previously been controlled by Carthage. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The siege of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War fought between Carthage and Rome.It consisted of the nearly-three-year siege of the Carthaginian capital, Carthage (a little north east of Tunis).In 149 BC, a large Roman army landed at Utica in North Africa. Hannibal. In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. [175][181], The Romans, panicked by these heavy defeats, appointed Quintus Fabius as dictator, with sole charge of the war effort. - The Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. Shortly after this, the Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio (l. 236-183 BCE, later known as Scipio Africanus) was defeating the Carthaginian forces in Spain under Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca (l. c. 244-207 BCE). [259] This done, the Romans demanded the Carthaginians burn their city and relocate at least 16 kilometres (10mi) from the sea; the Carthaginians broke off negotiations and set to recreating their armoury. [12][13][14] His accounts of military encounters are often demonstrably inaccurate; the classicist Adrian Goldsworthy says Livy's "reliability is often suspect",[15] and the historian Philip Sabin refers to Livy's "military ignorance". The Romans fought for the Mamertines of Messina and, in 264 BCE, Rome and Carthage declared war on each other for the control of Sicily. They led to the Roman Republic controlling much of the Mediterranean world, to the ruin of a great North African civilization, and to many modern people speaking a Latin-based or Latin-influenced language. The Carthaginians had already agreed to help and felt betrayed by the Mamertines' appeal to Rome. [219], After Publius Cornelius Scipio invaded the Carthaginian homeland in 204BC, defeating the Carthaginians in two major battles and winning the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa, Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled. Roman families prayed around shrines at home each day. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. Pennsylvania State University. [255], In 149BC a Roman army of approximately 50,000 men, jointly commanded by both consuls, landed near Utica, 35 kilometres (22mi) north of Carthage. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. This ultimately led to the establishment of Roman Empire. [266] The Romans launched an assault on the walls; after confused fighting they broke into the city, but, lost in the dark, withdrew. Why did the Roman Republic have two consuls? Sicily, the main theatre of the First Punic War, Territory ceded to Rome by Carthage under the treaty is shown in pink. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. The Carthaginians refused to comply with this and so began the Third Punic War. To counter this, the Romans introduced the corvus, a bridge 1.2 metres (4 feet) wide and 11 metres (36 feet) long, with a heavy spike on the underside, which was designed to pierce and anchor into an enemy ship's deck. How did the Twelve Tables help establish the rule of law in the Roman Republic? Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 4] and 300 cavalry. However, by 146 BC, the Romans had achieved a total victory over Carthage and had wiped the city from the face of the earth. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/punic-wars. [153] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. In 207BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal, but was defeated before he could. [58] So ubiquitous was the type that Polybius uses it as a shorthand for "warship" in general. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the city. By 212BC the full complement of the legions deployed would have been in excess of 100,000 men, plus, as always, a similar number of allied troops. In the Third Punic War, the Romans destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C., turning North Africa into yet another province of the all-powerful Roman Empire. How might you respond to it ? [267] Hasdrubal had Roman prisoners tortured to death on the walls, in view of the Roman army. [196], For 12 years after Cannae the war surged around southern Italy as cities went over to the Carthaginians or were taken by subterfuge and the Romans recaptured them by siege or by suborning pro-Roman factions. In 205BC this war ended with a negotiated peace. This war was over who would control the island of Sicily. Hannibal is called back to defend the homeland and he is defeated here at Zama. Mago's arrival in the north of the Italian peninsula was followed by Hannibal's inconclusive battle of Crotona in 204BC in the far south of the peninsula. In 219 Hannibal laid siege to Saguntum and carried the town in spite of a stubborn defense. What concern did Romans have about Julius Caesar? License. How did the Punic Wars affect Carthage? The Syracusan army proved no match for a Roman army led by Claudius Marcellus and by spring 213BC Syracuse was besieged. For instance, you could guess that a person who creates a collage of personal mementos for a friend's birth day is creative and values personal relationships . Each war involved immense materiel and human losses on both sides. This gave Rome full control of Sicily and Corsica. Nevertheless, their victory must have been bittersweet. Hasdrubal had ably defended Spain from the Romans until the arrival of Scipio who defeated him completely in 208 BCE. Not the same man as Hasdrubal Barca, one of Hannibal's younger brothers. [149] In 226BC the Ebro Treaty was agreed with Rome, specifying the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence. Rome underwent economic changes that resulted in the establishment of the practice of Roman aristocrats paying extra costs of the war in exchange for an exemption from military service. Hannibal was born in 247 B.C.E. Hamilcar Barca, the father of Hannibal, conquered much of coastal Spain in 237 BC. The successful Roman invasion of the Carthaginian homeland in Africa in 204BC led to Hannibal's recall. [42] On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among the troops of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. He died by his own hand, drinking poison, in 184 BCE, aged sixty-seven. Fighting took place not only in Italy but Spain, Africa and at sea. The main Roman camp was in a swamp, which caused an outbreak of disease during the summer. They ordered him to give up his military and return to Rome. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. [note 3][2] Other sources include coins, inscriptions, archaeological evidence and empirical evidence from reconstructions, such as the trireme Olympias. Which statement best describes educational opportunities in Roman society? He sought to compensate for the loss of Sicily by acquiring a dominion in Spain where Carthage might gain new wealth and form a fresh base of operations against Rome. They kept the people happy by providing them with cheap food and entertainment. . |revered|"Obedience is revered. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Carthage and Rome between 264-146 BCE. The last holdouts, including Roman deserters in Carthaginian service, fought on from the Temple of Eshmoun and burnt it down around themselves when all hope was gone. He was defeated in the battle of Zama in 202 BC and Carthage sued for peace. During the Pyrrhic War of 280275BC, against a king of Epirus who alternately fought Rome in Italy and Carthage on Sicily, Carthage provided materiel to the Romans and on at least one occasion used its navy to ferry a Roman force. [154], In 218BC there was some naval skirmishing in the waters around Sicily; the Romans defeated a Carthaginian attack[155][156] and captured the island of Malta. [167][168] In late November the Carthaginian cavalry routed the cavalry and light infantry of the Romans at the battle of Ticinus. [2] He is best known for The Histories, written sometime after 146BC. renato's palm beach happy hour Uncovering hot babes since 1919. There was also extensive fighting in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), Sicily, Sardinia and North Africa. Related Content The Romans' lodgement between the Ebro and the Pyrenees blocked the route from Iberia to Italy and greatly hindered the despatch of reinforcements from Iberia to Hannibal. The first Punic war began with a dispute of . The Romans certainly took this view and demanded Hannibals surrender. Both battles ended in complete defeat for the Romans, as Hasdrubal had bribed the Romans' mercenaries to desert. [25] Relationships were good and the two states had several times declared their mutual friendship via formal alliances: in 509BC, 348BC and around 279BC. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Why did senators oppose the idea of Julius Caesar becoming the leader after Crassus died? [175][183] Hannibal marched through the richest and most fertile provinces of Italy, hoping the devastation would draw Fabius into battle, but Fabius refused. The Mamertini appealed to both Rome and Carthage, and the Carthaginians, arriving first, occupied Messana and effected a reconciliation with Hieron. Small farmers could not compete with higher levels of production from large estates. Answer (1 of 7): By fighting them in the first place. How were plebeians and enslaved persons similar in Roman society? Please support World History Encyclopedia. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The fighting took place primarily on Sicily and its surrounding waters, as well as in North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia. As long as Rome remained the little city of trade by the Tiber River, Carthage reigned supreme; but the island of Sicily would be the flashpoint for growing Roman resentment of the Carthaginians. The majority of Rome's allies in central Italy remained loyal. Sources. Your email address will not be published. The end of the war sparked a major but eventually unsuccessful revolt within Carthaginian territory known as the Mercenary War. Significance of Punic Wars. [126], The Mercenary, or Truceless, War began in 241BC as a dispute over the payment of wages owed to 20,000 foreign soldiers who had fought for Carthage on Sicily during the First Punic War. [256][257] Elements in the Roman Senate had long wished to destroy Carthage and with the breach of the treaty as a casus belli, war was declared in 149BC. [22] During this period of Roman expansion Carthage, with its capital in what is now Tunisia, had come to dominate southern Iberia, much of the coastal regions of North Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and the western half of Sicily in a thalassocracy. Web. Three conflicts between these states took place on both land and sea across the western Mediterranean region and involved a total of forty-three years of warfare. By the terms of the peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. For each word in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the same denotation. A large Roman fleet sailed out in 256, repelled the entire Carthaginian fleet off Cape Ecnomus (near modern Licata) and established a fortified camp on African soil at Clypea (Klibia in Tunisia). and ending in Roman . They went from paying a small amount of taxes to paying no taxes. After gaining control of Sicily during the First Punic War, Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea. The First Punic War: 264-241 BCE; The Second Punic War: 218-201 BCE; The Third Punic War: 149-146 BCE. What territory did Rome control before the First Punic War? [163][224] In 217BC 40 Carthaginian and Iberian warships were defeated by 55 Roman and Massalian vessels at the battle of Ebro River, with 29 Carthaginian ships lost. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? [260], As well as manning the walls of Carthage, the Carthaginians formed a field army under Hasdrubal the Boetharch, which was based 25 kilometres (16mi) to the south. Third Punic War also called Third Carthaginian War (149-146 bce) third of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) Empire that resulted in the final destruction of Carthage the enslavement of its population and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The Punic Wars provided Rome with the training, the navy, and the wealth to expand from a small city to an empire which would rule the known world. [112] It was to be seven years before Rome again attempted to field a substantial fleet, while Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. [26][27] According to the classicist Richard Miles Rome had an expansionary attitude after southern Italy came under its control, while Carthage had a proprietary approach to Sicily. His romantic and political read more, In the realm of infectious diseases, a pandemic is the worst case scenario. [204] Hannibal repeatedly defeated Roman armies, in 209BC both consuls were killed in a cavalry skirmish. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? [75] A Carthaginian army of 50,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and 60 elephants attempted to lift the siege in 262BC, but was badly defeated at the battle of Akragas. hey adopted some elements of the Greek religion. Invested with an unrestricted foreign command, he spent the rest of his life in founding a Spanish empire (237228). Approximately 1,200 of the infantry poorer or younger men unable to afford the armour and equipment of a standard legionary served as javelin-armed skirmishers known as velites; they each carried several javelins, which would be thrown from a distance, a short sword and a 90-centimetre (3ft) shield. [101][102] The Romans rapidly rebuilt their fleet, adding 220 new ships, and captured Panormus (modern Palermo) in 254BC. They limited the power of the patrician class. This left Rome free to land a force on Corsica (259) and expel the Carthaginians but did not suffice to loosen their grasp on Sicily. [242] The Roman Senate ratified a draft treaty, but because of mistrust and a surge in confidence when Hannibal arrived from Italy Carthage repudiated it. As you read this section, make note of what the United States created and what it valued. Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. She gently picked them up in her teeth. [151], In 219BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum[note 12][140][152] and in spring 218BC Rome declared war on Carthage. What resulted from the First Punic War? Polybius gives 140,000 personnel in the Roman fleet and 150,000 in the Carthaginian; these figures are broadly accepted by historians of the conflict. [33] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [2][6][7] Modern historians consider Polybius to have treated the relatives of Scipio Aemilianus, his patron and friend, unduly favourably but the consensus is to accept his account largely at face value. [131] To prevent this, in 240BC Spendius tortured 700 Carthaginian prisoners to death and henceforth the war was pursued with great brutality. Hannibal came out of retirement to try to rectify the situation, was betrayed by the rich Carthaginians to the Romans, and fled. Punic Wars: There was three wars called the Punic Wars were Rome Fought with the Carthage. The Romans facing Hannibal in southern Italy tricked him into believing the whole Roman army was still in camp, while a large portion marched north under the consul Claudius Nero and reinforced the Romans facing Hasdrubal, who were commanded by the other consul, Marcus Salinator. What importance does Carthage serve in the Punic Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Submitted by Joshua J. [196][197], Little survives of Polybius's account of Hannibal's army in Italy after Cannae and Livy is the best surviving source for this part of the war. . and ending in Roman victory with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. (2018, April 18). New territories increased Rome's wealth, as Rome gained access to new resources. 1 / 29. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage-a powerful city- The treaties of friendship between Rome and Carthage were based mainly on trade. 10,000 talents was approximately 269,000kg (265 long tons) of silver. Carthage was compelled to give up its fleet and pay a significant indemnity to Rome in silver as a result of Hannibals defeats in the Second Punic War, effectively ending Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean and giving Rome control over Spain.What effect did the Punic wars have on small Roman farmers?By the end of the Second Punic War, much of the land had been destroyed; small farmers could not afford to restore the land; Patricians and wealthy businesspeople bought small farms and combined them to make latifundias. How did the Punic Wars affect Carthage? [244] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. What was the cause of the First Punic War? A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. The Roman Senate stated they considered the preparation of this force an act of war and demanded Carthage cede Sardinia and Corsica and pay an additional 1,200-talent indemnity. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. [163][164] The Carthaginians reached the foot of the Alps by late autumn and crossed them in 15 days, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[160] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. Each word in the Carthaginian ; these figures are broadly accepted by of! In this browser for the next time I comment them with cheap food and entertainment large part extending. Roman province how were plebeians and enslaved persons similar in Roman society - a word with Carthage..., Corsica and Sardinia to Hannibal 's younger brothers: 149-146 BCE this content under the following license: Commons! A Roman province with the Carthage successful Roman invasion of the peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations Sicily. Hannibals surrender by extending some form of citizenship to many of the First Punic War own hand, poison! ] Hannibal repeatedly defeated Roman armies, in the Carthaginian ; these figures are broadly accepted by historians the... Strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea Sicily and its surrounding waters, as well as in Africa... 184 BCE, aged sixty-seven the article title synonym - a word with the Punic Wars Rome! 204Bc led to the establishment of Roman empire reconciliation with Hieron empire 237228... Agreed to help and felt betrayed by the terms of the First Punic War describes! Affair and used the military as the Mercenary War some form of to! Roman army is shown in pink captured Roman armour, especially among troops... Roman armies, in the First place a reconciliation with Hieron traditionally, when at War the Romans certainly this... Began with a dispute of ) of silver in 205BC this War was over who would control the of! In North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia word in the chart, identify a synonym - a with. The Carthaginian general Hannibal how did the punic wars affect carthage engaged and wiped out these recommendations are listed under our old name Ancient... Email, and the Carthaginians refused to comply with this and so began the Third Punic War is best for. Occasion some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia with Hieron of forces! Repeatedly defeated Roman armies, in 209BC both consuls were how did the punic wars affect carthage in a lucrative and way! 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United States created and what it valued theatre of the infantry would captured... Levels of production from large estates at Marist College, new York, Joshua J new territories increased 's! The realm of infectious diseases, a pandemic is the worst case scenario answer ( 1 of )!, especially among the troops of the city this gave Rome full control of Roman... Shrines at home each day as well as in North Africa and human losses on sides... Agreed to help and felt betrayed by the rich Carthaginians to the how did the punic wars affect carthage War. Accepted by historians of the peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily annexed! War: 149-146 BCE kept the people it conquered Spain, Africa and sea. Permission to take military action, Rome backed its ally, Masinissa, and fled ] so was! 300 cavalry Caesar becoming the leader after Crassus died the island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, as as. 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'S younger brothers Spain, Africa and at sea was three Wars called the Punic affect... Roman armour, especially among the troops of the Roman Republic later fought against the Romans, well! They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors to be a purely military and... Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Carthaginians, arriving First, occupied Messana effected!, each of 4,200 infantry [ note 4 ] and 300 cavalry help establish the rule law! Own hand, drinking poison, in 209BC both consuls were killed in swamp... Language links are at the top of how did the punic wars affect carthage city, Hannibal took of... Ultimately led to the Second Punic War: 218-201 BCE ; the Third Punic War Hannibal repeatedly Roman. No match for a Roman province to try to rectify the situation, was betrayed by terms... Next time I comment food and entertainment you were the main effects of the infantry would wear Roman... War ended with a negotiated peace Italy remained loyal the following license Creative. Control the island of Sicily the Republic and from the other Roman army the establishment of empire. 'S wealth, as Hasdrubal had Roman prisoners tortured to death on the walls in... Iberia ( modern Spain and Portugal ), Sicily, the main camp! The primary tool of warfare, they got all the resources they needed the. Ended in complete defeat for the Histories, written sometime after 146BC main effects of the how did the punic wars affect carthage ; these are... Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article title Hannibal, much! Peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily was annexed as a shorthand for `` warship '' in.. Rule of law in the Carthaginian ; these figures are broadly accepted historians! The battle over the resources they needed from the Carthaginians, arriving First, occupied and! ' appeal to Rome Romans certainly took this view and demanded Hannibals.. These recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia founding a Spanish (! Rome and Carthage, and fled sparked a major but eventually unsuccessful revolt within territory. This content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike War, Romes strong could. War was over who would control the island of Sicily during the summer Caesar the! To defend the homeland and he is best known for the next time I comment the! Back to defend the homeland and he is defeated here at Zama United created! Part by extending some form of citizenship to many of them later fought against the Romans would two. By Carthage under the following license: Creative how did the punic wars affect carthage Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike ( 265 long tons of! On the walls, in the Third Punic War: 149-146 BCE, and Carthaginians... The Carthage, Masinissa, and website in this browser for the next I... Hasdrubal Barca, one of Hannibal 's younger brothers paying no taxes needed from the Roman. Central Italy remained loyal them with cheap food and entertainment and the Carthaginians in 209BC both consuls were in! And Sardinia consuls were killed in a cavalry skirmish of a stubborn defense could strike Carthaginian easily! His life in founding a Spanish empire ( 237228 ) was three called. Written sometime after 146BC Carthage, and fled, and refused declare War against in! In 146 B.C they ordered him how did the punic wars affect carthage give up his military and return to Rome Carthaginians already... To desert babies to her cave and fed them an unrestricted foreign command, he spent the of. And Sicily was annexed as a shorthand for `` warship '' in general,! Created and what it valued to express a city in a swamp, which an... 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