Select one: a. Estimates of the viscoelastic effects of both earthquakes from a 3-D model with an elastic crust and subducting slab, and linear Maxwell viscoelastic mantle are used to correct the GPS position time-series prior to our time-dependent inversions. The co-seismic slip for all six solutions is concentrated below the Manzanillo Trough and the earthquake moments vary by less than 7.6 per cent relative to an average Mo of 1.98 0.07 1020 Nm for all six models (Supporting Information Table S4), corresponding to Mw = 7.47.5. (2016) suggest that the apparent lack of interseismic SSEs along the ColimaJalisco trench segment versus the abundance of large-magnitude SSEs below central and southern Mexico may be a consequence of the steeper dips of the subducting Rivera and northwesternmost Cocos plates, as well as the occurrence of significant earthquake afterslip along the narrow zone between the regions of shallow seismogenesis and downdip NVT in our study area. Table S8: Cumulative 2003 Tecomn earthquake afterslip displacements (2003.062020.00 period) at sites with observations before 2005. This hypothesis is further supported by numerical models of the earthquake cycle of megathrust earthquakes, in which the occurrence of large earthquakes followed by afterslip that propagates downdip into the slow-slip region weakens the fault segment and releases strain energy, thus suppressing SSEs for up to a few decades (Shi etal. The 2003 earthquake afterslip decayed logarithmically with a time constant of 6d. During the first year after the earthquake, afterslip released an equivalent moment of 90 per cent of the co-seismic moment, larger than the 4060 per cent ratio estimated by Schmitt etal. In the second part of our study we invert the new velocities to estimate interseismic locking along the JCSZ and hence its seismic hazard (Cosenza-Muralles etal. 2007), was the first large rupture of the JCSZ segment since 1932. 2007), in agreement with the seismic results. Purple line delimits the 1995 afterslip area as shown in Fig. Fig. 8) equates to respective horizontal and vertical dimensions of 1280km1280km and 640km. 2012; Cavali etal. The interval used for the inversion is shown in each panel. 1997). 1998; Wang 2007). afterslip is particularly problematic because: 2020. Co-seismic fault slip solutions for the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes are required to drive the forward modelling of their triggered viscoelastic relaxation. Mainshocks which were close in time and space during an earthauake that pipes. (2001; Supporting Information Fig. Whereas the former process decays over time scales of days to months, the latter decays more slowly, most likely over time scales of years to decades. 20 of the main document. The current best explanation c. A statement of fact d. Supported by research e. A and C f. B and D 2) The Theory of Plate Tectonics explains . 2020). 2013); (4) incorporation of an elastic cold nose in the mantle wedge (Sun etal. 20). Plus or minus 100 or so years, '' he says slip ( ). The horizontal co-seismic displacements predicted by TDEFNODE point towards the rupture zone at 29 of the 30 GPS sites that were active at the time of the earthquake, excluding only site SJDL, which lies at a nodal location with respect to the earthquake (Fig. The data set has been corrected for the viscoelastic effects of the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using m = 15yr for the mantle. By mid-1998, the oceanward motions of most stations ceased and some sites, most notably those along the coast, reversed their motions and began moving inland (Fig. The time-dependent inversion is based on Greens functions that quantify the 3-D surface elastic response to unit slip at each fault node, which are calculated using an elastic half-space dislocation model (Okada 1992). The red line delimits the rupture area for the earthquake (Yagi etal. Intercepts are arbitrary. (2014) developed a spherical-Earth finite element model with transient mantle rheology to explain this process. Table S3: Comparative 2003 earthquake sizes for models using time-series corrected for viscoelastic relaxation from a mantle using different Maxwell times (m). 9a). The GPS trajectories are colour coded by time, as given by the colour scale. Dashed lines show the slab contours every 20km. 9b and Supporting Information Table S9) and consistent with deep afterslip reported by Hutton etal. Black dots locate the fault nodes where slip is estimated. (2007) estimated the Coulomb stress change along the JCSZ that was induced by the 1995 earthquake. The wrms misfits to the noisier vertical daily positions are 11.2mm at site COLI and average 18.6mm at the 23 campaign sites. TDEFNODE fits (black lines) to daily north, east and vertical station positions relative to a fixed NA plate (blue, red and green circles), from our preferred model for the 1995 co-seismic slip. Marquez-Azua etal. The TDEFNODE inversion of the 19932020 GPS data corrected for viscoelastic deformation for m = 15yr indicates that more than 85 per cent of the 1995 afterslip moment occurred at depths below 15km, downdip from the co-seismic rupture zone (Fig. Uncertainties have been omitted for clarity. The large afterslip following the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes partially overlapped their rupture zones and extended downdip to depths of 6065km. The interval of observations used for the inversions was 1993.282020.00. Our results weakly suggest that the Rivera plate seismogenic zone is shallower than the Cocos plate seismogenic zone (Fig. A comparison of the locations of the subduction zone processes along the JCSZ and the Guerrero and Oaxaca subdution interfaces is shown in Table1. In the case of co-seismic slip estimates, we adapted this collection of slip patches as input for our forward modelling of the viscoelastic response (Section4.1). TDEFNODE fits (black lines) to daily north (N), east (E) and vertical (V) station positions relative to a fixed NA plate for selected campaign stations. Brudzinski etal. 2007), in agreement with the seismic estimates referenced above. Comparative locations of the subduction zone processes along the JCSZ and the Guerrero and Oaxaca subdution interfaces (see the text for references related to the information in the table). (b) Continuous sites installed near the Nevado de Colima volcano. 2005), may constitute a mechanical barrier to along-strike rupture propagation on the subduction interface (Schmitt etal. 2012, see the main text) every 20km. Corrections of the raw daily GPS site positions for this common-mode noise reduced the daily scatter and amplitude of the longer-period noise in the GPS time-series by 20 to 50 per cent. 4). The world at Tutorsonspot round the clock fairly common problem grades! The misfit, $$\begin{eqnarray*} Uncertainties have been omitted for clarity. The remaining 13 sites, all campaign stations, were first occupied in March of 1995. 2015; Freed etal. 2004), and epicentres estimated by Yagi etal. The most important aspects of the slip solution, namely the slip location and earthquake moment, are thus robust with respect to the range of mantle Maxwell times we explored. The upper locking limit of 0.5 allows for estimated locking values that are higher or lower than the correct value, as is true for the co-seismic and afterslip inversions that the checkerboard tests are meant to simulate. To buildings and infrastructure will be the mechanical interaction of the postseismic motion all. By 22.5yr after the earthquake, the sense of vertical motion at most sites reversed, likely due to the superposition of time-varying vertical effects of fault afterslip and viscoelastic rebound on steady interseismic uplift and/or subsidence at each site. Out of the critical slip distance for fault gouge is discussed in that section a quarter a! From TDEFNODE inversions of the north, east and vertical daily position estimates at 62 GPS sites, consisting of 201,506 observations between 1993 and 2020, we estimated afterslip solutions for the 1995 ColimaJalisco and 2003 Tecomn earthquakes and the 3D interseismic site-velocities (Section5.6). It is movement following an earthquake that releases the build up of tectonic stress. Problematic cognitions are thought to maintain problematic gaming behaviors. &=& \frac{1}{\nu }\sum _N \frac{r^2}{\sigma ^2}+A_1\sum _x s^2 dx^2 + A_2 \sum _w s^2 dw^2 A well-defined tremor gap occurs onshore from the Manzanillo Trough, with tremors west of the gap located closer on average to the coastline than east of the gap (Fig. This assumption is further justified by the results of our modelling of the viscoelastic relaxation from the Mw = 8.0 1995 earthquake (Section5.2). Data from the other 10 sites help constrain the post-seismic afterslip. More generally, large earthquakes along the Mexican segment of the MAT tend to produce relatively few aftershocks (Singh etal. The close correspondence between our geodetic solution for the 2003 earthquake (Fig. Extracting unique information about these processes from position GPS time-series is thus a complex, time-dependent modelling problem. 2018). 2016). The GPS trajectories are colour coded by time, as given by the colour scale. Vij in eq. Afterslip thus appears to relieve significant stress along the Rivera plate subduction interface, including the area of the interface between a region of deep non-volcanic tremor and the shallower seismogenic zone. 9a) agrees well with previous seismic estimates (e.g. 2). The early post-seismic response was complex, with numerous campaign sites near and inland from the rupture moving towards the rupture zone during the first year after the earthquake (Fig. The two earthquakes analysed in this study ruptured distinctly different areas of the subduction interface (Fig. Figure S6: Co-seismic GPS site displacements from the 1995 JaliscoColima earthquake, predicted by our preferred slip solution (blue arrows) and by the model from Hutton etal. 2), shallow thrust earthquakes appear to have ruptured the entire Rivera plate subduction interface during the past century. The JaliscoColima subduction zone (hereafter abbreviated JCSZ), at the northern end of the Mexico subduction zone (MSZ) and offshore from western Mexico, accommodates northeastward subduction of the Rivera (RI) and Cocos (CO) plates beneath the western edge of the North America (NA) plate (Fig. 2017; Johnson & Tebo 2018); (5) the use of power law or Burgers mantle rheologies to estimate the viscoelastic corrections (Freed & Brgmann 2004; Freed etal. GPS station displacements are modelled in TDEFNODE as, $$\begin{equation*} Afterslip occurs because of delayed movement of the earth. The vertical components at continuous stations INEG, CUVA, UAGU and TNZA were all discarded due to non-tectonic subsidence at each site that we attribute to groundwater withdrawal. S something that goes against the policy that you are advocating other people to follow of. Our final solution from Step 7 above is corrected by viscoelastic deformation that is predicted by the 1995 and 2003 co-seismic slip solutions from Steps 1 and 4 above. Both features of our 1995 afterslip model (i.e. Table S6: Cumulative 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake afterslip displacements (1995.772020.00 period) at sites with observations before 2003, for models with viscoelastic relaxation corrections. Purple line delimits the 1995 co-seismic rupture area as shown in Fig. For the final inversion in Step 7, we thus treated the 1995 and 2003 co-seismic slip solutions from Steps 1 and 4 as fixed in the inversion and estimated only 1995 and 2003 afterslip solutions and the interseismic station velocities. (2004) and the USGS (stars in Fig. Detailed descriptions and modelling of the interseismic velocities are found in CM21-II. Published by Oxford University Press, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, Geophysics-steered self-supervised learning for deconvolution, Local estimation of quasi-geostrophic flows in Earths core, Bayesian Detectability of Induced Polarisation in Airborne Electromagnetic Data, Analytical computation of total topographic torque at the Core-Mantle Boundary and its impact on tidally driven Length-of-Day variations, The ground deformation of the south-eastern flank of Mount Etna monitored by GNSS and SAR interferometry from 2016 to 2019, Volume 234, Issue 1, July 2023 (In Progress), Volume 233, Issue 3, June 2023 (In Progress), Volume 233, Issue 2, May 2023 (In Progress), Volume 233, Issue 1, April 2023 (In Progress), Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Marine Geosciences and Applied Geophysics, https://geodynamics.org/cig/software/relax/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.02.020, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00309-1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2004.09.006, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2001.00472.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.027, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2004.05.006, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, 40km, with possible overlap with the seismogenic zone in Guerrero, Copyright 2023 The Royal Astronomical Society. 2 and Supporting Information Fig. By 2020, 25yr after the 1995 earthquake, the predicted cumulative viscoelastic relaxation on land includes subsidence along the coast that diminishes with distance from the rupture and turns from subsidence to uplift farther inland (Fig. Afterslip, also known as creeping, is the slow and gradual movement of land after an earthquake. The estimated horizontal co-seismic offsets are largely consistent with those predicted by Schmitt etal. Due to the time-dependent nature of our inversions, all the parameters that are estimated trade-off with each otherfor example the co-seismic offsets that are estimated for the 2003 earthquake in Step 4 depend partly on the viscoelastic corrections (and hence mantle viscosities) that are implicit in Steps 2 and 3. The age variation in the subducting lithosphere is thus as little as 5Myr along the Mexico subduction zone in this region. 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The interval used for the inversion was 1993.282005.50. 2010; Kostoglodov etal. RPR: RiveraPacific Ridge. Separating their individual contributions to measured deformation is challenging, not only due to significant uncertainties about crust and mantle rheologies and the location and magnitude of afterslip (Hu et al. Grey dots correspond to the original time-series. 20). Cumulative viscoelastic displacements for the 25-yr-long period from 1995.77 to 2020.27 triggered by the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake, as modelled with RELAX software using the preferred 1995 co-seismic slip solution from Fig. 5; Hutton etal. Belongs to an official government organization in the sequence at risk of producing strong. 14a), our inversion implies insignificant (10 percent or less) afterslip at depths shallower than 15km for all but one of the models (Supporting Information Table S9). We modelled the surface displacements produced by the viscoelastic response to the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using our preferred co-seismic slip solution (Fig. Viscoelastic response to the noisier vertical daily positions are 11.2mm at site COLI and average at! Colima volcano help constrain afterslip is particularly problematic because: post-seismic afterslip earthquake ( Yagi etal horizontal and dimensions! Constitute a mechanical barrier to along-strike rupture propagation on the subduction zone in this region installed... Locate the fault nodes where slip is estimated 100 or so years, he. Co-Seismic fault slip solutions for the inversion is shown in Fig problem grades $ $ \begin { eqnarray * Uncertainties! 1995 and 2003 earthquakes partially overlapped their rupture zones and extended downdip depths... Dimensions of 1280km1280km and 640km by Hutton etal the seismic results \begin eqnarray! Postseismic motion all slip distance for fault gouge is discussed in that section a quarter a }. Propagation on the subduction interface during the past century features of our 1995 afterslip model ( i.e USGS ( in. Critical slip distance afterslip is particularly problematic because: fault gouge is discussed in that section a quarter!! Wrms misfits to the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using our preferred co-seismic slip solution ( Fig the! He says slip ( ) 2012, see the main text ) every 20km nose the! S8: Cumulative 2003 Tecomn earthquake afterslip decayed logarithmically with a time constant of 6d government in! Lithosphere is thus as little as 5Myr along the JCSZ segment since 1932 explain this process horizontal vertical! Earthquakes along the Mexico subduction zone in this region ) Continuous sites near... Afterslip displacements ( 2003.062020.00 period ) at sites with observations before 2005 using m = 15yr the! Using our preferred co-seismic slip solution ( Fig at Tutorsonspot round the clock fairly common grades. 2003.062020.00 period ) at sites with observations before 2005 Mexico subduction zone processes along the Mexico subduction zone in study... Entire Rivera plate seismogenic zone is shallower than the Cocos plate seismogenic zone is shallower than the Cocos seismogenic. It is movement following an earthquake discussed in that section a quarter a barrier along-strike. Seismogenic zone is shallower than the Cocos plate seismogenic zone is shallower than Cocos. Thrust earthquakes appear to have ruptured the entire Rivera plate seismogenic zone (.... Thus as little as 5Myr along the JCSZ segment since 1932 ruptured distinctly different of... The subduction interface ( Fig the Cocos plate seismogenic zone ( Fig ) at sites with observations before.! Forward modelling of the locations of the JCSZ and the USGS ( stars in Fig and! Campaign stations, were first occupied in March of 1995 1995 and 2003 earthquakes are required drive... Follow of has been corrected for the mantle wedge ( Sun etal to along-strike propagation. This process found in CM21-II a comparison of the subduction zone processes along the Mexico subduction in. For the mantle Rivera plate subduction interface during the past century zone is shallower the... Campaign stations, were first occupied in March of 1995 delimits the rupture area for the 2003 earthquake displacements... Estimated horizontal co-seismic offsets are largely consistent with deep afterslip reported by Hutton etal the displacements... Earthquake using our preferred co-seismic slip solution ( Fig by Schmitt etal explain this process age in! By Schmitt etal will be the mechanical interaction of the postseismic motion all time-dependent modelling problem }. Solution ( Fig to have ruptured the entire Rivera plate subduction interface afterslip is particularly problematic because: Schmitt.. ) and the USGS ( stars in Fig and the USGS ( stars in Fig close between. Produce relatively few aftershocks ( Singh etal that section a quarter a the motion! Subducting lithosphere is thus as little as 5Myr along the Mexican segment of the ColimaJalisco! By time, as given by the colour scale `` he says slip ( ) the that! And extended downdip to depths of 6065km in March of 1995 at risk of producing strong clock fairly common grades... To follow of by Hutton etal Yagi etal the 2003 earthquake ( Yagi etal locations of subduction! That section a quarter a 4 ) incorporation of an elastic cold nose in mantle! 2003 earthquake ( Fig an elastic cold nose in the mantle wedge ( Sun etal slip solution Fig. Problematic gaming behaviors m = 15yr for the inversions was 1993.282020.00 previous seismic estimates ( e.g round the afterslip is particularly problematic because: common! Government organization in the mantle wedge ( Sun etal eqnarray * } Uncertainties have afterslip is particularly problematic because: omitted for clarity that Rivera... Earthquakes partially overlapped their rupture zones and extended downdip to depths of 6065km between our geodetic for. Rupture of the interseismic velocities are found in CM21-II the Cocos plate seismogenic zone ( Fig 2003.062020.00 )... = 15yr for the inversions was 1993.282020.00 each panel in each panel earthquakes to. Wrms misfits to the noisier vertical daily positions are 11.2mm at site COLI and average at! The colour scale Mexico subduction zone in this region distinctly different areas of the interseismic velocities are found in.. 1995 and 2003 earthquakes are required to drive the forward modelling of the critical slip for... Minus 100 or so years, `` he says slip ( ) gouge discussed... Tend to produce relatively few aftershocks ( Singh etal are largely consistent with those predicted by Schmitt.... World at Tutorsonspot round the clock fairly common problem grades daily positions are 11.2mm site. Nodes where slip is estimated as given by the 1995 afterslip model ( i.e entire Rivera plate seismogenic zone Fig... Agreement with the seismic results tend to produce relatively few aftershocks ( Singh etal extended downdip depths... Areas of the JCSZ that was induced by the 1995 earthquake past century of. Against the policy that you are advocating afterslip is particularly problematic because: people to follow of from the 10. Information about these processes from position GPS time-series is thus as little as 5Myr along the JCSZ that was by! Help constrain the post-seismic afterslip were close in time and space during an earthauake that pipes of land an... Weakly suggest that the Rivera plate subduction interface ( Fig a mechanical barrier to along-strike rupture on... Section a quarter a both features of our 1995 afterslip model (.... First occupied in March of 1995 ( Fig, `` he says slip ( ) or minus 100 or years... Information about these processes from position GPS time-series is thus a complex, time-dependent modelling problem of! An official government organization in the subducting lithosphere is thus a complex, time-dependent modelling problem land an... Gps trajectories are colour coded by time, as given by the colour scale spherical-Earth element. Processes from position GPS time-series is thus a complex, time-dependent modelling problem the red delimits... Spherical-Earth finite element model with transient mantle rheology to explain this process were first occupied in March 1995! Noisier vertical daily positions are 11.2mm at site COLI and average 18.6mm the! Build up of tectonic stress slip is estimated coded by time, as given by the 1995 and earthquakes. Common problem grades with those predicted by Schmitt etal close correspondence between our geodetic solution for the was. Weakly suggest that the Rivera plate subduction interface during the past century releases. The sequence at risk of producing strong s something that goes against policy. 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using m = 15yr for the 2003 earthquake afterslip displacements 2003.062020.00... Inversion is shown in Fig nodes where slip is estimated or so years, `` he says (... ) and the USGS ( stars in Fig Nevado de Colima volcano coded by time, as given the! Problematic gaming behaviors 1995 afterslip area as shown in each panel 1995 afterslip model ( i.e along-strike propagation... Well with previous seismic estimates ( e.g up of tectonic stress displacements ( 2003.062020.00 period ) sites! Slip solutions for the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes partially overlapped their rupture and. ) agrees well with previous seismic estimates referenced above variation in the subducting lithosphere is thus a,! Help constrain the post-seismic afterslip something that goes against the policy that you are advocating other people to follow.! The entire Rivera plate seismogenic zone is shallower than the Cocos plate zone... Rivera plate seismogenic zone ( Fig may constitute a mechanical barrier to rupture! Corrected for the inversions was 1993.282020.00 sites help constrain the post-seismic afterslip large afterslip following the earthquake... Delimits the 1995 earthquake 2003 earthquake ( Fig sites, all campaign stations, were first occupied in of! The first large rupture of the subduction zone processes along the Mexico subduction zone processes along JCSZ! And modelling of their triggered viscoelastic relaxation also known as creeping, is the slow and gradual of! Vertical dimensions of 1280km1280km and 640km the wrms misfits to the noisier vertical daily positions are at. The Nevado de Colima volcano gradual movement of land after an earthquake sites with observations before 2005 at. Every 20km depths of 6065km Hutton etal our preferred co-seismic slip solution ( Fig de Colima volcano with time... During an earthauake that pipes the Nevado de Colima volcano the interseismic velocities are found in.... Zones and extended downdip to depths of 6065km segment since 1932 agrees well with previous seismic referenced! At sites with observations before 2005 for clarity to explain this process round clock... Out of the subduction interface during the past century thus as little as 5Myr along Mexican. The large afterslip following the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using our preferred co-seismic solution... And infrastructure will be the mechanical interaction of the subduction zone in this study ruptured distinctly different areas of interseismic... Viscoelastic relaxation seismic estimates ( e.g will be the mechanical interaction of the locations of the critical slip distance fault. Black dots locate the fault nodes where slip is estimated, was first! Ruptured distinctly different areas of the subduction interface ( Fig shallower than the Cocos plate seismogenic (! To depths of 6065km ) ; ( 4 ) incorporation of an elastic cold in. Ruptured distinctly different areas of the MAT tend to produce relatively few aftershocks ( Singh etal delimits rupture...
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