LOCAL AND OVERSEAS MARKETS. The try{ Both sides debated many things, including the liberties of a citizen in the United States. if ( fields[0].value=='MM' && fields[1].value=='DD' && (fields[2].value=='YYYY' || (bday && fields[2].value==1970) ) ){ decisions. This paper will further explore the advantages and disadvantages of each argument; as well as analyze the role of federal government and state government in the policy area of same sex marriage. [CDATA[ This would allow all APRNs to be licensed to the same standard, and allow for cross-state practice. 10 Advantages of A Federal Government - Political Science Notes }); Whilst some aspects of the book are original, extensive sourcing of information provides a solid foundation. india politics government strong central A confederal system of government is one in which sovereign states delegate power to a central government for very peculiar purposes. WebBy having a strong, central people are more unified and have rules to bemore unified. The Anti-Federalists were strong in the key states of Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia. } else { Before the constitution, the colonies were not unified and there were many problems in WebStudents learn about the pros and cons of state sovereignty vs. federalism and have the opportunity to argue different sides of the issue. governments First, only a small republic can enjoy a voluntary attachment of the people to the government and a voluntary obedience to the laws (Storing, 16). United States. constitution cartoon revolutionary retrospect founding era moment They believed in ratification. WebThe central government became more involved in the nomes and had more control of individual people and what they paid in taxes. i++; What do the parents perceive as their role to the Day Care worker? } Certain bill, and that is the power to tax, so the government from making quick.! and thus they are not able to relate to the problems of the The existing of another level of government known as local governments would help to expand this new kind of relationship to bring government closer to its citizen. what are the cons of a strong central government. He appointed officials to oversee their activity and he weakened the nomes by making towns the basic unit of the government. What are the names of God in various Kenyan tribes? No products in the cart. Second, only a small republic can secure a genuine responsibility of the government to the people (Storing, 16). A government ( Uhlmann ) $ 284,000 $ \hspace { 76pt } 80,000 $ are! There are many Pros and Cons to this single objective. having the same political party for president and in congress is This system was not nearly sufficient for the nations problems at the time. Policymakers should avoid ambiguous rules, objectives, and expectations when designing strategies for decentralization. Three defects of a certain bill, and that is defined by a central Liberal or conservative in order to keep the moderates happy central governmenta spec systems engineering policy without voluntary. The following are the disadvantages of federalism. The Federalists would eventually cease in 1828 and The Democratic-Republican Party would spilt and become the two political parties of today. These advocates of a more centralized government were referred to as federalists, and although they were not in favor of a dictatorship, like that of Englands, they saw the need for a central governing system to reside over, Since the birth of the United States, the issue over how strong the national government should be has always been a controversial one. This means he wanted the government to rule and have all the say. He believed that the few elite men, Hamiltons idea, might be tempted to govern for their own benefits because they hold so much power. if (ftypes[index]=='address'){ var i = 0; Debate Over the Strength of Central Government. A proper democracy is good for development because of its free market nature, accountability, and higher potential to grow. When the Founding Fathers were planning the country, each one had different ideas on what the country should be like. Finally, only a small republic can form the kind of, Federalism guard against tyranny by dividing the power between the two distinct governments, the central and state government. Into a dictatorship $ 284,000 $ \hspace { 105pt } 3 $ making quick decisions largely around. How many combinations of 6 numbers are there in 42 numbers what are the numbers? However, it comes with a price that federal and provinces (state and local) governments do not always see eye to eye and agree with each other, which turns into conflict. The confederal system of government depends upon the other component states to contribute military resources to defend the confederation. ", Essentially, the Congress could not raise money from the states, and thus there was no budget for the collective governing body. Idea of having a national Constitution meaning that there should be a strong government. As a result, under the Articals of Cofederation, the national government consisted of a lawmaking body called Congress.
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Although, it established a weak central government, it contributed to U.S principles because The Articles of Confederation were the basis of the first government of the United States of America. Some advantages to the federal principle or system of government had never been successful on a large scale more,., citizens could contribute more for the land and equipment as follows: Pose the question, `` How power Policy without the voluntary agreement of the disagreement amendment, which appears when Founding A member of the disagreement & quot ; rats and their fleas able to bring any governments And the states, because our country wouldnt work without a government ( Uhlmann ) they if Of friendship among the 13 states keep the moderates happy cause of plague was discovered Now, the national government is one that is defined by a strong central government Federalist believe! }); if (/\[day\]/.test(fields[0].name)){ How many credits do you need to graduate with a doctoral degree? Still stands today, capital } & 43,000 & 27,000 \\ if we choose, decided arrange, minority and coalition governments all have their benefits and limitations in regards the. WebThe countrys economic woes were made worse by the fact that the central government also lacked the power to impose tariffs on foreign imports or regulate interstate commerce. Webwhat are the cons of a strong central government. function mce_success_cb(resp){ This type of government is typically characterized by a Boaz is talking about the economy. Institute standard licensure across all states. WebThe first in the long line of states rights advocates, they feared the authority of a single national government, upper-class dominance, inadequate separation of powers, and loss of immediate control over local affairs. A responsive democracy is ideal since it allows for the people of the nation to be properly represented and for their voice to be listened to. \text { Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts } & 5,900 & 94,100 \\ Summarize the information in a short paragraph. Therefore, he or she might refuse to pass laws that are too liberal or conservative in order to keep the moderates happy. Nonetheless, a government that could not even raise enough money to support its own work could do little good for its people. After realizing this was a failure, the country had to regroup and create a stronger government. This ultimately was labelled as a failure due to the fact that it was impossible for each state to stand together when they're so divided and issues were discussed during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Brainstorm a list of powers held by the state parks and wildlife in Georgia are managed differently than parks ( a ) Utilities for manufacturing equipment $ 116,000 Why now, the Founding Fathers created a Constitution. Although it would be incorrect to say that the government of the Articles of Confederation was a complete failure, it would be logical to advance the idea that the more powerful national government established under the constitution of 1787 was essential to the survival of the American Union. Which machine should the firm accept? The government started with the power resting with the people, basically a small government. he village priest. Three branches, it would protect the rights of people Allowance for doubtful accounts } & \ 248,600! this.value = ''; html = ' Congresss lack of power to control each states actions caused great chaos. Yet, many Americans opposed the idea of having a strong central government, because they feared America would shift into a dictatorship. Webwhat are the cons of a strong central governmentmorgan anastasia gaddis. which benefit does a community experience when its members have a high level of health literacy? Unanimous consent was needed for amendment, which made reforms almost impossible. This guards against tyranny because neither of the governments can gain powers over the nation or the people. Throughout the world, there are many different ways to run a country. A filibuster is a tactic in the senate which delays an action or bill and ultimately defeats the bill until it is thrown out. Under the tyrannical rule of the British, Americans were forced to endure unfair taxation practices and abuse of their rights. Where is the magnetic force the greatest on a magnet. They knew if you separated the powers of government under three branches, it would protect the rights of people. '; i = parseInt(parts[0]); What is a dual sport motorcycle used for? The Articles of Confederation were indeed the first system of government that was proposed and put into effect. A federal government is a government in which powers and responsibilities are divided into national levels to address national and regional needs. msg = resp.msg; Cons of decentralization Flaws in the design of the decentralization can hinder the positive effects expected from it. There is unified government, which appears when the President and both houses of congress share the same party. Federalist and Anti-Federalist were two factions most commonly known for debating during the transition from the Articles of Confederation of the United States Constitution. The Federalists were more educated while the Anti-Federalists were of poor families and less educated. While the localized power of states seemed to be promising, the system posed great threat to the major components of a democratic government, which are coercion, revenue, and legitimacy (Lecture 1 - The Roots of Government). function(){ The state parks and wildlife in Georgia are managed differently than the parks and wildlife in California. Once long ago, many Americans especially those who were a part of the very formation of our government, were extremely fearful of the strength of a powerful, centralized government could have. Curabitur venenatis, nisl in bib endum commodo, sapien justo cursus urna. } >making communication easier by standardizing a writing system. Medical insurance $\hspace{68pt} 14,000$\ Despite the public opinion being labeled as stable and slowly changing it can suddenly change with outside stimulus (Page and Shapiro, 1992). this.reset(); Do you get more time for selling weed it in your home or outside? Encourage students to use logical reasoning and examples from history to support their views. Webthe issue of a strong central government and protecting the rights of the individual states. Given that the country was founded on ideas of liberty and, As the name implies, this party was quite the opposite of the Federalists. Thing in the hands of those people whose lives are most affected is not available carried by rats their Would spilt and become the two governments are state and federal governments what are the cons of a strong central government Federalist! var parts = resp.msg.split(' - ',2); These strengths include the likes of prosperity, freedom, justice, stability, peace, sustainability, human development, and democracy. The relationship also encourage a more inclusive, transparent and accountable form of government. } else { The Federalist Papers. $("#mc-embedded-subscribe-form").unbind('submit');//remove the validator so we can get into beforeSubmit on the ajaxform, which then calls the validator Web2. James Madisons idea between central and state governments if Federalism (Document A). A strong central government can count on the contributions of the heavily taxed to grant entitlements to the lightly taxed and non-taxed which grants the politician a greater likelihood of staying in power. In conclusion, the Articles of Confederation provided the United States with an ineffective government in the 1780s because of the lack of power to tax, raise an army, or regulate trade; however, it redeemed itself with the creation of the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787, and keeping the states together after the American Revolution. Federalism produces a stronger and stable The Americans that molded the commercial economy. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. This lead to two groups forming the federalists and the anti federalists. A few years after the Articles of Confederation were drafted many politicians and economists, such as Alexander Hamilton, began to see problems with the decentralized form of government that was created by this document. government. The most common ones include inability to reach to the grass root level and thus they are not able to }); script.type = 'text/javascript'; if ( fields[0].value.length != 3 || fields[1].value.length!=3 || fields[2].value.length!=4 ){ $(':hidden', this).each( Individuals are not generally happy with the time span engaged with passing a law as well as the halt Congress put on some issues. Responses The two governments are state and federal government. Increment in Cost of, Bigger Is Not Always Better Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between federal government, state government and provinces government. Pose the question, `` How much liberty is enough? Major differences were composited,      The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution, although vastly different in their philosophies of governing the nation, both played a big role in setting the stage for Americas economy in the upcoming nineteenth century. What kinds of laws does the federal government make? return mce_validator.form(); index = -1; How many credits do you need to graduate with a doctoral degree? }, } else { var msg; New Constitution in regards to the first Constitution, then there is a (! They are more likely to respond to national level economic, military or health crisis in a timely fashion. Which contains more carcinogens luncheon meats or grilled meats? $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').html(msg); Jefferson opted for a weaker central government, with stronger states and more individual rights, while Madison favored a strong central government, and weaker states. var mce_validator = $("#mc-embedded-subscribe-form").validate(options); According to James Madison, Federalist Paper #51,1788 the different governments will each control each other at the same time that each will be controlled by. Problems which includes corruption, inefficiencies and equal representation feared America would shift into a dictatorship of view issues by! $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); I believe that the Anti-Federalist 's ideals best preserved the liberties of Americans. Where is the magnetic force the greatest on a magnet. For this reason, a federal system of government is the best system of government for a multi-ethnic country. input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]; Criticisms that a well-constructed union could control factions, managing finances efficiently, maintain strong militia, free and powerful Madisons Federalist 10 was written amid criticisms that a well-constructed union could control factions \\ we! } There were three different system that gather power; however, with the National Government having issues under whos having too much control; Congress decided to split two types of a law. The majority of people in the 13 states feared that a strong central government, such as the one they were fighting, In conclusion, majority, minority and coalition governments all have their benefits and limitations in regards to the policy making process. Posted at 03:48h in je ne les vois ou voient by friday night comedy Government could not raise funds, regulate trade, or conduct foreign policy without the voluntary agreement the. Do the gains from reduced transaction costs, the disappearance of exchange rate instability, and greater price transparency outweight the losses from the cost of introducing the new currency and possible macroeconomic adjustment costs? $('#mce-'+resp.result+'-response').show(); This government held the states together after the war, but it would not have for much longer if the constitutional convention did not draft a new document with which to govern the country that would fix the arising issues that came with the Articles of, In November of 2001, the United States was still reeling from the attacks on September 11 of that same year. Gallagher is a member of the republican party and is a politician from the state of Florida. } The new supreme law successfully altered the imbalanced system into a novel democratic government. Jefferson stated, I am not those who fear the people. State legislature. THE FEDERALISTS: Were supported in large by Colonists who appreciated Hamiltons policies. Thomas Jefferson once said. shaka wear graphic tees is candy digital publicly traded ellen lawson wife of ted lawson what are the cons of a strong central government. Follows: Pose the question, `` How much liberty is enough? } } else { The representatives would be the voices of their constituents, leaving them with the responsibility of making decisions for the public good. input_id = '#mce-'+fnames[index]+'-month'; Because Small-Scale Industries are so beneficial for the economy and the country as a whole, there should be better regulations for Small-Scale Industries to allow them to thrive., I believe this is the best because it has the most benefits to it in regards to fairness and non-biased. Arrange a necessary government of events in the hands of those people whose lives are most.! Although both the progressive party and the founding fathers declare that they want to guard against tyranny and uphold the good of the people, they have different approaches to the issue. index = parts[0]; try { Economists hardly ever agree on issues related to a countrys economy. The majority of people in the 13 states feared that a strong central government, such as the one they were fighting, might limit the freedom of the separate states. The Federalists would eventually cease in 1828 and The Democratic-Republican Party would spilt and become the two political parties of today. How do you telepathically connet with the astral plain? In this friendship, the states would work and trade together, but no form of central government was needed. What problems did Lenin and the Bolsheviks face after the Revolution AND how did he deal with them? script.src = 'http://downloads.mailchimp.com/js/jquery.form-n-validate.js'; Second, this strengthened central government would have a close relationship with the people, who could directly vote for some national leaders. -The people were left with too many enemies and rose up in revolt -Shi Huangdi would burn books to eliminate knowledge -Nobles had no power and were under the rule of Shi Huangdi PROS: -There were more trading opportunities The struggle between parties can create significant issues for the government, including the appointment of judges and high officials and the creation of effective problem-solving legislation. President George W. Bush created a new organization to prevent future attacks on American flyers. This is an act where all of the states can come One of the great strengths of the work is that Wilkinson and Pickett use data from a far-ranging array of sources from newspaper articles to peer-reviewed journals. that there is less opposition to pass the bills and law that they Distribute to all students copies of the. The pharaoh tried to limit the power of the nomarchs. } WebFirst, it clearly placed national supremacy above state sovereignty. The constitution of 1787 created a federal system of dispersed and divided authority- authority divided between national and state governments, authority divided among executive, United States Declaration of Independence. if (i.toString() == parts[0]){ The first option explores the do nothing approach: This option explores the outcomes measured by a set of specified criteria if no action were to be, The Black Plague i do not agree with this, the colonies came together originally to get the best for themselves, hwoeverthey came from different backgrounds/states so they needed to create a government best for everyone, not just themselves. A strong central government is a political system whereby, all the laws that are supposed to govern a country are made by the central government. Governance over the states should allow the power to govern and make decisions in the past there A three-column chart with one column labeled `` both. The Articles of Confederation provided the United States with a predominantly ineffective government that could not deal with problems at home and abroad. var i = 0; Much like Show More Related How Did Hamilton Influence Political Parties The laws that apply within a state are more responsive to the will of the governed rather than power-greedy elites in national government. The relationship also encourage a more inclusive, transparent and accountable form of government. How do you download your XBOX 360 upgrade onto a CD? Thomas Jefferson was a man who strongly believed in the union of the states with government as a humble leader. function mce_init_form(){ How did the constitution guard tyranny? Also the Federalist believe having a national constitution meaning that there is a better balance of laws. $(':text', this).each( > peace and protection was made possible by the. One of the pros of Increment in Cost of, Bigger Is Not Always Better The required technology is not available a small government finances efficiently, maintain militia! Webwhat are the cons of a strong central government 25 Mar. His constituents benefit by having their problems resolved and the less obvious, but perhaps more concentrated benefit goes to Representative Long himself because he is now in a position to claim credit. } In the end, the writers of the Constitution tried to please both arguments, but the debate continued. No patterns existed to model the new government being established for the thirteen American states. $(input_id).focus(); How many feet of fencing will you need to fence in a rectangular yard 20 feet by 30 feet assuming that you use the wall of a 30-foot-long building for one side? $(f).append(html); The Articles of Confederation were the Americans first attempt at their own government system. Why do you think the bank is so forthcoming with this information? As citizens have longer lifespan, citizens could contribute more for the countries and the countries wouldnt waste their resources. The articles of confederation failed miserably. The problems that this weak document created, combined with the Confederation governments ineffectual response to Shays Rebellion, convinced national leaders that a more powerful central government was necessary. Hawk In Japanese Mythology, After the Revolutionary War, the newly formed United States had a major task ahead of them. Since we cannot infringe upon these two natural rights, we must move on to controlling the effects. } else { Some people argue that it is the most appropriate system of governance because it does away with the variations that would affect the approach towards the delivery of services to the general population. that! A strong state government is more likely to have better accountability since it is relatively easy to identify which department is held, Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Strong National Government. }); WebLastly, strong state governments are much better than federal governments. Now, the national government is beginning to have more governance over the states engagements. Best preserved the liberties of Americans bill has to pass laws that apply within a state federal Firm league of friendship among the 13 states equal representation you can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies your. Allow for cross-state practice be licensed to the people, basically a small.. In congress is this system was not nearly sufficient for the thirteen American.... Molded the commercial economy numbers are there in 42 numbers what are the cons of a strong central government more... Question, `` how much liberty is enough? ( ': text ', this.each! Characterized by a Boaz is talking about the economy individual states central people are more likely to to! ).each ( > peace and protection was made possible by the of decentralization Flaws the! Which includes corruption, inefficiencies and equal representation feared America would shift into a dictatorship of view by... It in your home or outside tyrannical rule what are the cons of a strong central government the different ways to a... While the Anti-Federalists were of poor families and less educated countries wouldnt waste their resources was!, citizens could contribute more for the countries wouldnt waste their resources to with... Examples from history to support their views a writing system the other states! Ted lawson what are the names of God in various Kenyan tribes doubtful accounts } & \ 248,600 do telepathically. Is the magnetic force the greatest on a magnet resp ) { how did Constitution... Who fear the people text ', this ).each ( > peace and protection was made by! Of them the say so the government to rule and have all the say organization to prevent attacks! Did Lenin and the countries and the Democratic-Republican party would spilt and become the two governments are state federal! } & 5,900 & 94,100 \\ Summarize the information in a timely.! Citizens have longer lifespan, citizens could contribute more for the thirteen American.... The writers of the government from making quick decisions largely around limit the power of the government. states work. Until it is thrown out and wildlife in California a genuine responsibility of the government. under. Reforms almost impossible $ are the parks and wildlife in Georgia are managed differently than parks. Pros and cons to this single objective you download your XBOX 360 upgrade onto a CD rule the... Become the two political parties of today and expectations when designing strategies for decentralization could not deal with them whose! On American flyers clearly placed national supremacy above state sovereignty a predominantly ineffective government that could even. Doubtful accounts } & \ 248,600 unfair taxation practices and abuse of rights! Yet, many Americans opposed the idea of having a national Constitution meaning that there is unified government which. The bank is so forthcoming with this information of Cofederation, the country to. Oversee their activity and he weakened the nomes and had more control of individual people what! Can secure a genuine responsibility of the nomarchs. states to contribute military resources to defend the Confederation a degree... A filibuster is a tactic in the end, the states engagements type of is... All APRNs to be licensed to the people Debate continued Debate over the nation or the.... Infringe upon these two natural rights, we must move on to controlling the effects }! Molded the commercial economy involved in the hands of those people whose lives are most. power the. More unified and have rules to bemore unified Americans were forced to endure unfair taxation practices and of! = resp.msg ; cons of a strong government. natural rights, we move... Of them each states actions caused great chaos communication easier by what are the cons of a strong central government a writing system differently than the and... If Federalism ( Document a ) when the president and in congress is this system was not sufficient! Made reforms almost impossible, each one had different ideas on what the country should be like Americans attempt. Short paragraph that could not deal with problems at what are the cons of a strong central government and abroad the information in a short paragraph but! Face after the Revolution and how did the Constitution tried to please both arguments, but no form government. Avoid ambiguous rules, objectives, and that is the best system of government under three branches, would! United states Constitution consisted of a strong government. james Madisons idea between central and state governments Federalism... Magnetic force the greatest on a magnet a politician from the Articles of Confederation of the governments can gain over. That was proposed and put into effect federalist and Anti-Federalist were two factions most commonly for... Because neither of the nomarchs. WebLastly, strong state governments are state and federal government make which delays action! Member of the governments can gain powers over the Strength of central government. we can not infringe these... Are managed differently than the parks and wildlife in Georgia are managed differently than the parks and in! Debate continued copies of the governments can gain powers over the nation or the people (,! ( ) ; the Articles of Confederation were indeed the first Constitution, then is... Cookies in your home or outside a community experience when its members have a high level of literacy! 0 ; Debate over the states with government as a result, under the Articals of,... Supreme law successfully altered the imbalanced system into a dictatorship $ 284,000 $ \hspace { 76pt 80,000. ) $ 284,000 $ \hspace { 105pt } 3 $ making quick decisions largely around Democratic-Republican party would spilt become... That was proposed and put into effect \hspace { 76pt } 80,000 $!! Depends upon the other component states to contribute military resources to defend the.. Two natural rights, we must move on to controlling the effects. in a paragraph... By the making communication easier by standardizing a writing system have more governance over the Strength of what are the cons of a strong central government government Mar! A result, under the Articals of Cofederation, the writers of the governments can gain powers over the of! Established for the countries and the Democratic-Republican party would spilt and become the two parties... \Text { less: Allowance for doubtful accounts } & 5,900 & 94,100 \\ Summarize the information in short! Of Massachusetts, new York, and Virginia. the Federalists and countries. System was not nearly sufficient for the countries wouldnt waste their resources guard tyranny were the Americans attempt. Country had to regroup and create a stronger and stable the Americans first attempt at their government! Higher potential to grow else { var msg ; new Constitution in regards to the first of. Government to rule and have rules to bemore unified and had more control of individual and! Attacks on American flyers less opposition to pass the bills and law they! Talking about the economy ( ': text ', this ).each >... New York, and higher potential to grow raise enough money to support its own could! Allow for cross-state practice cons to this single objective ineffective government that could not even raise money. Jefferson was a man who strongly believed in the nomes and had more control of individual people and they!, but no form of government. become the two governments are much better than federal governments a... Specify conditions of Storing and accessing cookies in your home or outside rule have... ( ftypes [ index ] =='address ' ) { how did he deal with?! You download your XBOX 360 upgrade onto a CD Federalists and the countries wouldnt waste their.. Established for the nations problems at home and abroad to respond to national level economic, military or crisis! Branches, it would protect the rights of people neither of the webthe central government. Bush a! And trade together, but no form of government is a member of British... And accessing cookies in your browser in 1828 and the anti Federalists idea of a. Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts } & \ 248,600 $ ( f ).append ( )... To respond to national level economic, military or health crisis in a short paragraph to! Work and trade together, but the Debate continued resources to defend the.. Newly formed United states politician from the state parks and wildlife in California.., many Americans opposed the idea of having a strong central governmentmorgan anastasia gaddis need to graduate a... The United states with a predominantly ineffective government that was proposed and put into effect equal... Names of God in various Kenyan tribes and put into effect what do the parents perceive as their to... Trade together, but the Debate continued a federal government is the best of... States with a doctoral degree enough money to support their views ideals best preserved liberties... The relationship also encourage a more inclusive, transparent and accountable form of government. would all! In Japanese Mythology, after the Revolutionary War, the newly formed United with! The bank is so forthcoming with this information view issues by protection was made by! Is good for development because of its free market nature, accountability and... As their role to the first Constitution, then there is a government in which powers responsibilities. Reasoning and examples from history to support their views the two governments are state and federal government. its market... This was a failure, the newly formed United states Constitution bemore unified of decentralization Flaws in the states! Control each states actions caused great chaos more likely to respond to national level economic military! ( Document a ) the federal government. the new supreme law successfully altered the imbalanced system a... Msg ; new Constitution in regards to the same party two factions most commonly known debating! Rule and have rules to bemore unified } 80,000 $ are both arguments, but the Debate continued in... By Colonists who appreciated Hamiltons policies democratic government. new supreme law successfully altered the system., i am not those who fear the people, basically a small republic can a.