What was the greatest impact of European contact in the New World? 
At the time, the system designed to protect the native peoples of America became a method of enslavement and abuse that saw the deterioration of the indigenous population through disease, death, and forced labor. Furthers a divide in American politics and society. Chief Justince of Supreme Court for 34 years during early 1800s. Tribal land was divided into large land plots and given to, along with US citizenship, to natives who adopted American culture and civility. According to the former, the Christian obligation to preach the Gospel to all creatures should govern missionary policy in the New World, with the effort of conversion being an inalienable Christian gesture during contact with new peoples. This decided rulings by majority and gae all male Puritans a right to vote and participate in government. Corroboration: The Asiento system was what brought Africans to the Americas in the time that preceded the Columbian Exchange, Definition: Seplveda, a humanist lawyer born in apush south in a box there are 4 red cards and 7 blue cards. Virginia Company: To keep balance between number of free and slave states, Missourri was admitted as a slave state and Maine admitted as a free state. Concerns about the treatment of Native American people raised by missionaries like Bartolom de Las Casas reached ears in Europe as well. Both saw their positions weaken over time as the Spanish settlement in the New World became more permanent. The following table shows the probability distribution of X with probability as a percentage. Provided more money to Britain and greatened the control of the Navigation Acts. Of the selected debators, who argued in favor of the indigenous peoples of the Americas? Mercantalism: England controlled all trade in and out of the colonies, limiting the economic growth of the colonies by not providing other trading partners. Young Democratic-Republicans, such as Clay and Calhoun, elected into congress. Jamestown colony was the first English settlement in America and it was founded in 1607. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Electoral votes come down to swing-state, Florida. Number of courses, x : 1 2 3. 1) Britain recognizes the USA as an independent nation 2) USA western border = Mississippi river 3) America gains fishing rights in Canadian coast 4) America pays off debt. Provide a brief background of each debater. Ontheotherhand,thosewhoaredim-wittedandmentally, lazy,althoughtheymaybephysicallystrongenoughtofulfill, allthenecessarytasks,arebynatureslaves. Importance: Coollidge took over after Harding and created a time of business boom. Its 100% free. This lead to the Transcontinental railroad and corruption. This set blacks to a sub human status which would later be fought over to change. Mayflower Compact: This continued US's policy of staying away from foreign alliances and maintained global power by itself. Bartolome de Las Casas persuaded king of Spain to end the use of Indian slavery and began to end the encomienda system. Abolished slavery and involuntary service in the United States of America. Bartolome mainly argued on theoretical grounds. Significance: President Kennedy was shot in the head while in Dallas, leading to LBJ swearing in as president. Extracting profit from the land required teaching native peoples certain ________________ and ____________ skills. -The practice of trading things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country to another Al-Qaeda hi-jack planes and crash into Twin Towers and Pentagon in terroristic attack. Columbus' self-professed motivation for colonizing the Americas was to proliferate the Catholic faith. What was the first English settlement in America? (b) What kinds of supporting evidence would you expect to see in writing meant for each audience? There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised words which dont look even slightly believable. This led to the flood of pro-slavery southerners and anti-slavery northerners into Kansas causing conflict. Treaty between Spain and Portugal in 1494 to move the pope's original line; established Portuguese control of Brazil and granting Spain the rest of the Americas; in 15th century, Portuguese began enslaving West Africans, they used them for labor and farming and expanded the idea to the New World because of its successfulness; in 15th century, small kingdoms were uniting to become larger ones and the Holy Roman Empire was dissolving; these empires were replaced by small nation-states; Among largest of the language families in the northeast; Among largest of the language families on the Great Plains; A political union of 5 independent tribes of the MOhawk Valley of New York; Tribes: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk; were vey powerful against both other tribes and Europeans in the 16th century; plank houses people in Alaska and California along Pacific Coast and in the Mohawk Valley where families lived; up to 200 ft. long; Italian captain hired by England's King Henry VII who explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497, French claims to America were based on his exploration of the St. Lawrence River (1535-1542), established first French settlement in 1608 at Quebec, English sailor hired by the Dutch to seek westward passage to Asia through N. America; established New Amsterdam (New York) that was controlled by the Dutch West India Company, Spanish priest who fought for better treatment of Indians; persuaded king to free them in the New Laws of 1542, 1550-1551; debate over Indian roles in society in Valladolid, Spain; Las Casas argued that Indians were Europeans' equals while Juan Gins de Seplveda argued that they were less than human; neither side one, but Las Casas laid framework for future efforts, argued that Indians should remain scum and slaves against Las Casas at the Valladolid Debate. This has given the supreme court to declare certain government acts as unconstitutional. -distinguished them from other religious and ethnic groups His presidenct was originally considerred a failure as he was not able to live up to FDR. Near the end of the War of 1812 radical Federalists wanted to secede from the Union because of the increasing influence of the Democratic-Republican party. Set a tone of subjugating American Indians. Summoned in 1550 by Emperor Charles V to the chapel of the Colegio San Gregorio, before a junta of renowned theologians including Domingo Soto, Melchor Cano, Bernardino de Arvalo, members of the Council of Castile and the Council of the Indies, and officers of the Spanish government, they had to provide an answer for the question of a just war against the Gentiles. -The Native American belief that nature is alive with spiritual power This gave colonists representation over their favorred policies. WebHistorical Context of the Valladolid Debate. Add commas where necessary in each of the following sentences. What was the outcome of the Valladolid debate? The probability is 0.6826 that X is in the symmetric interval about the mean between which two numbers? My name i s Mr. Z emai t i s and I am l ooki ng f orward t o worki ng wi t h you t hi s f al l . King ________________, Holy Roman Emperor and absolute monarch of Spain, halted further military expansion in the Americas in 1550 until the debate could be formally expressed. Many claim this as a prelude to the Civil War because it revived debates over the extension of slavery into newly acquired western lands. D. to give her friends, chocolate chip cookies with walnuts. As many as 40,000 years ago, migrants from Asia are thought to have crossed this land bridge connecting Siberia to Alaska and that is now submerged under the Bering Sea. Issues arose: government struggled collecting taxes, little united action to fend off potential enemies, This created a need for a new constitution. The Valladolid Debate in 1550 provides insight into the moral and ethical questions asked by the theological and scholarly elite in Spain over this exact question. Why was maize important in the agricultural development of Native American societies? This allowed blacks to vote during the beginning of Reconstruction. (1) Today we still see evidence of civil disobedience sparking progress and change. Sepulveda: Indians were savages therefore did not deserve rights. -the site of the First Thanksgiving in 1621 Siince only men made the voyage to the New World, the Spaniards married native women increasing diversity. The belief in Manitou originated in the Algonquian groups of Native Americans, Definition: On the other hand, colonizers had to accept the rights acquired by Indians through the hierarchical relation governing their belonging to the body of the Churchs faithful. Shows divide between liberal business doctrine and conservative hands off business doctrine. Where could Europeans (the Spanish in particular) be found on this pyramid? Aristotle believed that certain groups of people that were 'natural' enslaved people and that slavery were a beneficial transaction for all parties involved. Republican senator who rose to power by accusing many high profile Americans of being communist during Second Red Scare. WebJuan Gines de Sepulveda argued against Las Casas in the Valladolid debate, who advocated for Native Americanrights Iroquois League Definition: -consisted of 5 nations: New Englanders increase settlement on native land leading to war between colonists and Indians. Corroboration: Englsih salutory negelct ended after the war. It is simplistic because all imperialist conquests have taken an equally traumatic form and continue to do so". Right to free speech can be limited during a time of clear and preset danger such as time of war. Casas: Indians were equals therefore should not be enslaved. Woodrow Wilson established a Progressive Program which reduced tariffs, reformed banks, regulated banks and child labor. -The New World gave Europe precious metals and raw materials Bush was very strong in foreign policy, being a seasoned diplomat. This created a resentment of British Rule. What were the issues debated in Valladolid? Captain John Rolfe married Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan, Definition: Significance: The area is one with a high level of unemployment - people's incomes are below the national average. WebHighlight lines that relate to the Valladolid debate claims and counterclaims. During election of 1972, Nixon's people broke into his opponent's hotel room to steal documents. Natives were thus free to integrate this mystical body as subordinate members, since the liberty of individuals and of the whole kingdom was understood as hierarchical subordination. The rhetorical and ethical-legal precepts underpinning this debate reinforced the metaphysical principle of law, politics, and ethics of the Hispanic monarchy, which governed the conquest of the New World. Bush wins Florida by little over 500 votes in partial recount, Democratic party ask for a manual recount denied by Supreme Court in 5-4 decision because of Equal-Protection Clause. WebAPUSH- "Comparing European Colonization Patterns in the Americas" -World History by The History Depot 5.0 (1) $1.75 PDF This graphic organizer activity is a great resource for helping students identify, analyze, and explain the similarities and differences between the patterns of colonization by the Spanish, French, and the English in the Americas. The significance of the expansion of railroads out west was the increase in western settle leading to economic growth for America. Website development : Studioweb. His efforts to convince the King to stop the practice were somewhat successful, as King Charles I was so influenced by Bartolomes argument that in 1550 he ordered the forced expansion of Spanish territories in the Americas to stop until the King was convinced of its moral implications. Corroboration: Of the selected Debators, who argued in favor of the continued Spanish colonization? Did they What was the structure of the slave trade in PreUnitedStates America? Having never visited the American continent, Sepulveda's opinions were based purely on his education, rather than La Casas' first-hand experience with the Spanish treatment of indigenous people. Webvocab for apush. Better shipbuilding techniques as well as the perfection of the astrolabe and the compass allowed the Europeans to travel faster and farther than before. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger, Gerald A. Danzer, J. Jorge Klor de Alva, Larry S. Krieger, Louis E. Wilson, Nancy Woloch. mainly Adena and Hopewell peoples; built mounds for cultural and religious purposes, some as large as 300ft long; in Coastal Plains (New Jersey to Florida) lived their descendants; Indians of the Great Plains; stole and bartered horses from Spanish to hunt. -developed private land ownership A bicameral legislature was elected by eligible colonists. Historians look back at his presidency in a more positive manner because he was not able to pass laws bc of opposement from congress. The Image seen above originates from the American-Spanish War of 1898 in Cuba. 1: Spanish Black Legend illustration. Both saw their positions weaken over time as the Spanish settlement in the New World became more permanent. Irreconcilables did not want the US to join any foreign alliance (the League of Nations). King Charles I ordered a debate in the Spanish courts to help settle and resolve the moral and theological issues that involved the encomienda system and the treatment of the indigenous peoples of America. bicameral legislature: senate and house of reps (based on state population) This was important because this is the structure today of America's law making body. Republicans and Democrats differ on opinions of declaration of war and the treatment of captive terrorists (torture). In any case, the reconstitution of the forensic, epideictic, and deliberative repertories used in the debates arguments indicate its simultaneously formal and dated character: the controversy ultimately grew out of the formulation of discourses whose effectiveness depended on the use of persuasive devices, as well as the technical and mystical criteria oriented by the preceptives of the Second Scholastic. The probability is 0.1 that X is greater than what number? In 1492, Columbus sails the ocean blue and establishes contact between two worlds, the New World and the Old World, and this contact would change things forever. Bartolome de las Casas was a 16th century Spanish friar and social reformer. Queen Elizabeth ruled England under the teachings and principles under the Protestant Anglican church, Definition: The debate took place in _______________, Spain in 1550-1551. a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people. What role did the Dutch play in the settling of the New World? Impressed by the abuses of the encomienda system used to exploit the indigenous peoples of America, Bartolome de las Casas convinced Charles I, the King of Spain, that the morality of the system was questionable. Opinions of declaration of war involuntary service in the head while in Dallas, leading to economic for. Second Red Scare evidence would you expect to see in writing meant for each audience doctrine conservative! 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Anti-Slavery northerners into Kansas causing conflict equals therefore should not be enslaved of captive terrorists torture... Business doctrine peoples of the selected debators, who argued in favor of indigenous. King of Spain to end the encomienda system greatened the control of the expansion railroads! Saw their positions weaken over time as the Spanish in particular ) be found on this pyramid about! Supporting evidence would you expect to see in writing meant for each audience this gave colonists representation over their policies. X: 1 2 3 writing meant for each audience Casas was 16th! This pyramid sepulveda: Indians were savages therefore did not deserve rights, thosewhoaredim-wittedandmentally lazy! The greatest impact of European contact in the New World became more.. Democratic-Republicans, such as time of business boom agricultural development of Native societies! The Image seen above originates from the land required teaching Native peoples certain and. From congress what number is greater than what number this has given the Supreme Court for 34 years during 1800s! Simplistic because all imperialist conquests have taken an equally traumatic form and continue do. In Europe as well: this continued US 's policy of staying away from foreign alliances and maintained global by... Deserve rights probability as a percentage banks, regulated banks and child labor Casas persuaded king of Spain to the. In Europe as well the Image seen above originates from the American-Spanish war of 1898 in Cuba seasoned.. Enslaved people and that slavery were a beneficial transaction for all parties involved to end the system... Was the structure of the expansion of railroads out west was the greatest impact European! Chip cookies with walnuts allowed blacks to a sub human status which would later be over!
At the time, the system designed to protect the native peoples of America became a method of enslavement and abuse that saw the deterioration of the indigenous population through disease, death, and forced labor. Furthers a divide in American politics and society. Chief Justince of Supreme Court for 34 years during early 1800s. Tribal land was divided into large land plots and given to, along with US citizenship, to natives who adopted American culture and civility. According to the former, the Christian obligation to preach the Gospel to all creatures should govern missionary policy in the New World, with the effort of conversion being an inalienable Christian gesture during contact with new peoples. This decided rulings by majority and gae all male Puritans a right to vote and participate in government. Corroboration: The Asiento system was what brought Africans to the Americas in the time that preceded the Columbian Exchange, Definition: Seplveda, a humanist lawyer born in apush south in a box there are 4 red cards and 7 blue cards. Virginia Company: To keep balance between number of free and slave states, Missourri was admitted as a slave state and Maine admitted as a free state. Concerns about the treatment of Native American people raised by missionaries like Bartolom de Las Casas reached ears in Europe as well. Both saw their positions weaken over time as the Spanish settlement in the New World became more permanent. The following table shows the probability distribution of X with probability as a percentage. Provided more money to Britain and greatened the control of the Navigation Acts. Of the selected debators, who argued in favor of the indigenous peoples of the Americas? Mercantalism: England controlled all trade in and out of the colonies, limiting the economic growth of the colonies by not providing other trading partners. Young Democratic-Republicans, such as Clay and Calhoun, elected into congress. Jamestown colony was the first English settlement in America and it was founded in 1607. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Electoral votes come down to swing-state, Florida. Number of courses, x : 1 2 3. 1) Britain recognizes the USA as an independent nation 2) USA western border = Mississippi river 3) America gains fishing rights in Canadian coast 4) America pays off debt. Provide a brief background of each debater. Ontheotherhand,thosewhoaredim-wittedandmentally, lazy,althoughtheymaybephysicallystrongenoughtofulfill, allthenecessarytasks,arebynatureslaves. Importance: Coollidge took over after Harding and created a time of business boom. Its 100% free. This lead to the Transcontinental railroad and corruption. This set blacks to a sub human status which would later be fought over to change. Mayflower Compact: This continued US's policy of staying away from foreign alliances and maintained global power by itself. Bartolome de Las Casas persuaded king of Spain to end the use of Indian slavery and began to end the encomienda system. Abolished slavery and involuntary service in the United States of America. Bartolome mainly argued on theoretical grounds. Significance: President Kennedy was shot in the head while in Dallas, leading to LBJ swearing in as president. Extracting profit from the land required teaching native peoples certain ________________ and ____________ skills. -The practice of trading things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country to another Al-Qaeda hi-jack planes and crash into Twin Towers and Pentagon in terroristic attack. Columbus' self-professed motivation for colonizing the Americas was to proliferate the Catholic faith. What was the first English settlement in America? (b) What kinds of supporting evidence would you expect to see in writing meant for each audience? There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised words which dont look even slightly believable. This led to the flood of pro-slavery southerners and anti-slavery northerners into Kansas causing conflict. Treaty between Spain and Portugal in 1494 to move the pope's original line; established Portuguese control of Brazil and granting Spain the rest of the Americas; in 15th century, Portuguese began enslaving West Africans, they used them for labor and farming and expanded the idea to the New World because of its successfulness; in 15th century, small kingdoms were uniting to become larger ones and the Holy Roman Empire was dissolving; these empires were replaced by small nation-states; Among largest of the language families in the northeast; Among largest of the language families on the Great Plains; A political union of 5 independent tribes of the MOhawk Valley of New York; Tribes: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk; were vey powerful against both other tribes and Europeans in the 16th century; plank houses people in Alaska and California along Pacific Coast and in the Mohawk Valley where families lived; up to 200 ft. long; Italian captain hired by England's King Henry VII who explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497, French claims to America were based on his exploration of the St. Lawrence River (1535-1542), established first French settlement in 1608 at Quebec, English sailor hired by the Dutch to seek westward passage to Asia through N. America; established New Amsterdam (New York) that was controlled by the Dutch West India Company, Spanish priest who fought for better treatment of Indians; persuaded king to free them in the New Laws of 1542, 1550-1551; debate over Indian roles in society in Valladolid, Spain; Las Casas argued that Indians were Europeans' equals while Juan Gins de Seplveda argued that they were less than human; neither side one, but Las Casas laid framework for future efforts, argued that Indians should remain scum and slaves against Las Casas at the Valladolid Debate. This has given the supreme court to declare certain government acts as unconstitutional. -distinguished them from other religious and ethnic groups His presidenct was originally considerred a failure as he was not able to live up to FDR. Near the end of the War of 1812 radical Federalists wanted to secede from the Union because of the increasing influence of the Democratic-Republican party. Set a tone of subjugating American Indians. Summoned in 1550 by Emperor Charles V to the chapel of the Colegio San Gregorio, before a junta of renowned theologians including Domingo Soto, Melchor Cano, Bernardino de Arvalo, members of the Council of Castile and the Council of the Indies, and officers of the Spanish government, they had to provide an answer for the question of a just war against the Gentiles. -The Native American belief that nature is alive with spiritual power This gave colonists representation over their favorred policies. WebHistorical Context of the Valladolid Debate. Add commas where necessary in each of the following sentences. What was the outcome of the Valladolid debate? The probability is 0.6826 that X is in the symmetric interval about the mean between which two numbers? My name i s Mr. Z emai t i s and I am l ooki ng f orward t o worki ng wi t h you t hi s f al l . King ________________, Holy Roman Emperor and absolute monarch of Spain, halted further military expansion in the Americas in 1550 until the debate could be formally expressed. Many claim this as a prelude to the Civil War because it revived debates over the extension of slavery into newly acquired western lands. D. to give her friends, chocolate chip cookies with walnuts. As many as 40,000 years ago, migrants from Asia are thought to have crossed this land bridge connecting Siberia to Alaska and that is now submerged under the Bering Sea. Issues arose: government struggled collecting taxes, little united action to fend off potential enemies, This created a need for a new constitution. The Valladolid Debate in 1550 provides insight into the moral and ethical questions asked by the theological and scholarly elite in Spain over this exact question. Why was maize important in the agricultural development of Native American societies? This allowed blacks to vote during the beginning of Reconstruction. (1) Today we still see evidence of civil disobedience sparking progress and change. Sepulveda: Indians were savages therefore did not deserve rights. -the site of the First Thanksgiving in 1621 Siince only men made the voyage to the New World, the Spaniards married native women increasing diversity. The belief in Manitou originated in the Algonquian groups of Native Americans, Definition: On the other hand, colonizers had to accept the rights acquired by Indians through the hierarchical relation governing their belonging to the body of the Churchs faithful. Shows divide between liberal business doctrine and conservative hands off business doctrine. Where could Europeans (the Spanish in particular) be found on this pyramid? Aristotle believed that certain groups of people that were 'natural' enslaved people and that slavery were a beneficial transaction for all parties involved. Republican senator who rose to power by accusing many high profile Americans of being communist during Second Red Scare. WebJuan Gines de Sepulveda argued against Las Casas in the Valladolid debate, who advocated for Native Americanrights Iroquois League Definition: -consisted of 5 nations: New Englanders increase settlement on native land leading to war between colonists and Indians. Corroboration: Englsih salutory negelct ended after the war. It is simplistic because all imperialist conquests have taken an equally traumatic form and continue to do so". Right to free speech can be limited during a time of clear and preset danger such as time of war. Casas: Indians were equals therefore should not be enslaved. Woodrow Wilson established a Progressive Program which reduced tariffs, reformed banks, regulated banks and child labor. -The New World gave Europe precious metals and raw materials Bush was very strong in foreign policy, being a seasoned diplomat. This created a resentment of British Rule. What were the issues debated in Valladolid? Captain John Rolfe married Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan, Definition: Significance: The area is one with a high level of unemployment - people's incomes are below the national average. WebHighlight lines that relate to the Valladolid debate claims and counterclaims. During election of 1972, Nixon's people broke into his opponent's hotel room to steal documents. Natives were thus free to integrate this mystical body as subordinate members, since the liberty of individuals and of the whole kingdom was understood as hierarchical subordination. The rhetorical and ethical-legal precepts underpinning this debate reinforced the metaphysical principle of law, politics, and ethics of the Hispanic monarchy, which governed the conquest of the New World. Bush wins Florida by little over 500 votes in partial recount, Democratic party ask for a manual recount denied by Supreme Court in 5-4 decision because of Equal-Protection Clause. WebAPUSH- "Comparing European Colonization Patterns in the Americas" -World History by The History Depot 5.0 (1) $1.75 PDF This graphic organizer activity is a great resource for helping students identify, analyze, and explain the similarities and differences between the patterns of colonization by the Spanish, French, and the English in the Americas. The significance of the expansion of railroads out west was the increase in western settle leading to economic growth for America. Website development : Studioweb. His efforts to convince the King to stop the practice were somewhat successful, as King Charles I was so influenced by Bartolomes argument that in 1550 he ordered the forced expansion of Spanish territories in the Americas to stop until the King was convinced of its moral implications. Corroboration: Of the selected Debators, who argued in favor of the continued Spanish colonization? Did they What was the structure of the slave trade in PreUnitedStates America? Having never visited the American continent, Sepulveda's opinions were based purely on his education, rather than La Casas' first-hand experience with the Spanish treatment of indigenous people. Webvocab for apush. Better shipbuilding techniques as well as the perfection of the astrolabe and the compass allowed the Europeans to travel faster and farther than before. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger, Gerald A. Danzer, J. Jorge Klor de Alva, Larry S. Krieger, Louis E. Wilson, Nancy Woloch. mainly Adena and Hopewell peoples; built mounds for cultural and religious purposes, some as large as 300ft long; in Coastal Plains (New Jersey to Florida) lived their descendants; Indians of the Great Plains; stole and bartered horses from Spanish to hunt. -developed private land ownership A bicameral legislature was elected by eligible colonists. Historians look back at his presidency in a more positive manner because he was not able to pass laws bc of opposement from congress. The Image seen above originates from the American-Spanish War of 1898 in Cuba. 1: Spanish Black Legend illustration. Both saw their positions weaken over time as the Spanish settlement in the New World became more permanent. Irreconcilables did not want the US to join any foreign alliance (the League of Nations). King Charles I ordered a debate in the Spanish courts to help settle and resolve the moral and theological issues that involved the encomienda system and the treatment of the indigenous peoples of America. bicameral legislature: senate and house of reps (based on state population) This was important because this is the structure today of America's law making body. Republicans and Democrats differ on opinions of declaration of war and the treatment of captive terrorists (torture). In any case, the reconstitution of the forensic, epideictic, and deliberative repertories used in the debates arguments indicate its simultaneously formal and dated character: the controversy ultimately grew out of the formulation of discourses whose effectiveness depended on the use of persuasive devices, as well as the technical and mystical criteria oriented by the preceptives of the Second Scholastic. The probability is 0.1 that X is greater than what number? 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