She was also though for a short while before becoming a manager in a production company. Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: عَلِيّ ٱبْن أَبِي طَالِب, ʿAlī ibn ʾAbī Ṭālib; 13 September 601 – 29 January 661)[2][3][failed verification] was a cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who ruled as the fourth caliph from 656 to 661. [235] When paper was introduced to Muslim society, numerous monographs were written between 750 and 950. [35], According to Wilferd Madelung, Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for the caliphate based on his close kinship with Muhammad, his knowledge of Islam, and his merits in serving its cause. They are descendants of Qutb Shah who is a direct descendant of Ali, and his lineage is traced as Qutb Shah (Aawn) ibn Yaala ibn Hamza ibn Qasim ibn Tayyar ibn Qasim ibn Ali ibn Jaffar ibn Humza ibn al-Hassan ibn Ubaidullah ibn Abbas ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib. [152] Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which trace their lineage through him to Muhammad. The gathering at Saqifah was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali had been designated his successor by Muhammad himself. The second time, Muhammad announced Islam to them and invited them to join. Sufis recite Manqabat Ali in the praise of Ali. "[50][51], Ali survived the plot, but risked his life again by staying in Mecca to carry out Muhammad's instructions: to restore to their owners all the goods and properties that had been entrusted to Muhammad for safekeeping. 293–4; ar-Razi: at-Tafsiru 'l Kabir, vol.12, p.26: az-Zamakhshari: at-Tafsir al-Kashshaf, vol.1, p.469; al-Jassas:Ahkamu 'l-Quran, vol.2, pp. Bianquis, C.E. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abdur Rahman bin Awf, who were cousins, were naturally inclined to support Uthman, who was Abdur Rahman's brother-in-law. [77], While Ali was preparing Muhammad's body for burial and performing his funeral rites, a small group of approximately fourteen Muslims[78] met at Saqifah. The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to works by Sunni and Shia Muslims, writings by Christian Arabs, Hindus, and other non-Muslims from the Middle East and Asia and a few works by modern western scholars. 8 April 2014, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNasr1979 (, Layard, Austen Henry, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, Page 216, the electoral council to choose the third caliph, Ibn Abi al-Hadid's Comments on the Peak of Eloquence, Letter of Ali ibn Abi Talib to Malik al-Ashtar, al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Zahra' al-Husayni al-Khatib, Hadith of the invitation of the close families, List of expeditions of Ali during Muhammad's era, "The Life of the Commander of the Faithful Ali Ibn Abu Talib (as)", "Fatima Zehra (sa) and the Future of History / Shahadat Fatimah Zehra (sa)", "Tafsir al-Mizan, Volume 3: Surah Baqarah, Verses 204–207", "Tafsir al-Mizan, v.6, Al Imran, verses 61–63", The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Nahjul Balagha, Mohammad Askari Jafery (1984), pp.
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